How We Got the Bible

[Shelia Ellis]

1. The Bible is inspired by God (2 Timothy 3:16-17; 2 Peter 1:20-21.
2. The Bible is made up of 66 different books that were written over 1600 years ( from approximately 1500 BC to AD 100) by more than 40 kings, prophets, leaders and followers of Jesus. The Old Testament has 39 books (written approximately 1500-400BC). The New Testament ahs 27 books (written approximately AD 45-100). The Hebrew Bible has the same text as the English Bible's Old Testament, but divides and arranges it differently.
3. The Old Testament was written mainly in Hebrew, with some Aramaic. The New Testament was written in Greek.
4. The books of the Bible were collected and arranged and recognized as inspired sacred authority by councils of rabbis and councils of church leaders based on careful guidelines.
5. Before the printing press was invented, the Bible was copied by hand. The Bible was copied very accurately, in many cases by special scribes who developed intricate methods of counting words and letters to insure that no error had been made.
6. The Bible was the first book ever printed n the printing press with movable type (Gutenberg Press, 1455, Latin Bible).
7. There is much evidence that the Bible we have today is remarkably true t the original writings. f the thousands of copies made by hand before AD 1500 more that than 5,300 Greek manuscripts from the New Testament alone still exist today.l The text of the Bible is better preserved than the writings of Caesar, Plato, or Aristotle.
8. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls confirmed the astonishing reliability of some of the copies of the Old Testament made over the years. Although some spelling variations exist, no variation affects basic Bible doctrines.
9. As the Bible was carried to other countries, it was translated into the common language of the people by scholars who wanted others to know God's Word. Today there are still 2,000 groups with no Bible in their own language.
10. By AD 200, the Bible was translated into seven languages; by AD 500, 13 language; by AD 900, 17 languages; by AD 1400, 28 languages; by 1800, 57 languages; by 1900, 537 languages; by 1980, 1,100 languages.

Old Testament Written ( approx. 1500-400 BC) were written on stone, clay and leather.

The oldest New Testament fragment (from John 18) that we have today was copied in Greek on a papyrus codex around AD 110-130.

Scrolls of leather, and later of papyrus, were used to make copies of the Scriptures.

A papyrus codex is a bound volume made from sheets folded and sewn together, sometimes with a cover. They were used more than scrolls after AD 1-100

Fine quality animal skins from calves or antelope (vellum) and sheep or goats (parchment) were used for over 1000 years to make copies of the Bible approximately AD 300-1400.

Two of the oldest vellum copies ( AD 325-350) that exist today are the Vatican Codex and the Sinai tic Codex.

Wycliffe Bibles were inscribed by hand on vellum in the 1300s-1400s. Some copies took ten months to two years to produce and cost a year's wage.

The Bible is now printed on paper in many versions and languages, it is also on tape, recordings, compact discs and computers.

2000 BC

OLD TESTAMENT events are written down in Hebrew (portions in Aramaic) over centuries. In Exodus, the LORD tells Moses to write in a book. Other Old Testament writers, inspired by God, include leaders, kings and prophets. Together, thes writings on leather scrolls and other materials are called the Hebrew Scriptures or Old Testament.

 

500 BC

EZRA, a priest and scribe, collects and arranges some f the boks of the Hebrew Bible -the Old Testament- about 450 BC, according to Jewish tradition.

THE SEPTUAGINT is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament). It is translated in 250-100 BC by Jewish scholars in Alexandria, Egypt. ( The word Septuagint means seventy, referring to the tradition that 70 or 72 men translated it. It is often abbreviated LXX, the Roman numeral for seventy.)

200 BC

The books are arranged by subject: historical, poetic, and prophetic. The Septuagint includes the Apocrypha (meaning "hidden") referring to seven books that were included in the Hebrew Bible until AD 90 when they were removed by Jewish elders.

AD 1

TIME OF JESUS 4BC - AD33? Jesus quotes the Old Testament (Scriptures) often.He says that He did not come to destroy the Scriptures, but to fulfill them. He says to his disciples, These are the words which I spake unto you... that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures. Luke 22:44 & 45.

 AD 100

FOLLOWERS OF JESUS Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Paul, James, Peter and Jude write the Gospels, history, letters to other Christians, and the Revelation between AD 45 and 100. The writers quote from all but eight of the Old Testament books. These writings in Greek are copied and circulated s that by about AD 150 there is wide enough use of them to speak of the "New Testament" (New Covenant). The new covenant God made with people was promised in Jer 31:31-34 and referred to by Jesus Luke 22:20 and Paul 1Cor 11:25 and the letter to the Hebrews.

AD 200

OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA Evidence derived from first century AD writers Philo and Josephus indicates that the Hebrew canon did not include the Apocrypha.

APOCRYPHA hidden books

1. Tobit
2. 1 Maccabees
3. 2 Maccabees
4. Wisdom of Solomon
5. Sirach ( Ecclesiasticus)
6. Baruch (includes Letter of Jeremiah)
7. Judith

EARLIEST TRANSLATIONS AD 200-300 Latin, Coptic (Egypt) and Syriac (Syria).

Church fathers accept the writings of the Gospels and Paul's letters as canonical (from a Greek word referring to the rule of faith and truth). Origin lists 21 approved New Testament Books. Eusebius lists 22 accepted books.

Saint Matthew Lindisfarne Gospels 

AD300

THE NEW TESTAMENT BOOKS are collected and circulated throughout the Mediterranean about the time of Constantine, the Roman emperor who legalizes Christianity in AD 313. By AD400 the standard of 27 books of the New Testament were formally confirmed as canonical by the Synod of Carthage in AD 397, thus recognizing three centuries of use by followers of Christ.

JEROME starts translating the Scriptures into Latin in AD 410 and finishes 25 years later. This translation, called the Latin Vulgate, remains the basic Bible for many centuries.

AD 500

ROMAN EMPIRE declines. Germanic migrations (AD 378-600) causes new languages to emerge.

THE MASORETES are special Jewish scribes entrusted with the sacred task of making copies of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) approximately AD 500-900. They develop a meticulous system of counting the number of words in each book of the Bible to make sure they have copied it accurately. Any scroll found to have an error is buried according to Jewish law.

AD 600

CHRISTIANITY REACHES BRITAIN before AD 300, but Anglo-Saxon pagans drive Christian Britons into Wales (AD 450-600). In AD 596, Augustine of Canterbury begins evangelization again.

CAEDMON, an illiterate monk, retells portions of Scripture in Anglo-Saxon (Old English) poetry and song (AD 676).

ALDHELM OF SHERBORNE, AD 709, is said to have translated the Psalms.

BEDE, a monk and scholar makes an Old English (Anglo-Saxon) translation of portions of Scripture. On his deathbed in AD 735, he finishes translating the Book of John.

ALFRED THE GREAT, king of Wessex, 871-901, translates portions of Exodus, Psalms, and Acts.

ALDRED, Bishop of Durham, inserts a translation in the Northumbrian dialect between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels (950).

AELFRIC, 955-1020, translates portions of the Old Testament.

NORMANS CONQUER ENGLAND (1066) and make French the official language. No English translation work produced until the 1300s.

MIDDLE ENGLISH emerges, popularized by works such as the Canterbury Tales and Richard Rolle's Psalter (1340).

AD1300

       JOHN WYCLIFFE

FIRST ENGLISH BIBLE is translated from Latin in 1382 and called the Wycliffe Bible in honor of priest and Oxford scholar John Wycliffe. During his life time, Wycliffe had wanted common people to have the Bible. He also criticixed a number of church practices and policies. His followers, derisively called Lollards (meaning "mumblers") included his criticisms in the preface to the Wycliffe Bible. This Bible is banned and burned. FORTY YEARS AFTER WYCLIFFE'S DEATH, HIS BONES ARE EXHUMED AND BURNED FOR HERESY.

AD 1400-1500

IN 1408, IN ENGLAND, IT BECOMES ILLEGAL to translate or read the Bible in common English without permission of a bishop.

WORLD'S FIRST PRINTING PRESS with moveable metal type is invented in 1455 in Germany by Johann Gutenberg. 

THE GUTENBERG BIBLE is the first book ever printed. This Latin Vulgate version is often illuminated by artists who hand paint letters and ornaments on each page.

ERASMUS, a priest and Greek scholar, publishes a new Greek edition and a more accurate Latin translation of the New Testament in 1516. His goal is that everyone be able to read the Bible, from the farmer in the field to the weaver at the loom. Erasmus Greek text forms the basis of the textus receptus and is used later by Martin Luther, William Tyndale and the King James translators.

MARTIN LUTHER translates the New Testament into German in 1522.

WILLIAM TYNDALE, priest and Oxford scholar, translates the New Testament from Greek (1525), but cannot get approval to publish it in England. he moves to Germany and prints Bibles, smuggling them into England in sacks of corn and flour. In 1535 he publishes part of the Old Testament translated from Hebrew. In 1536, Tyndale is strangled and burned at the stake. His final words are Lord, open the king of England's eyes. Tyndale is called the "Father of the English Bible" because his translation forms the basis of the king James Version, Much of the style and vocabulary we know as biblical English is traceable to his work.

THE COVERDALE BIBLE is translate by Miles Coverdale (1533) and dedicated to Anne boleyn, one of king Henry VIII's wives. Thei is the first complete Bible to be printed in English.

THE MATTHEW'S BIBLE, translated by John Rogers under the pen name "Thomas Matthew," is the first Bible published with the king's permission (1537). Printed just one year after Tyndale's death, its New Testament relies heavily on Tyndale's version and even has a tribute to him on the last page of the Old Testament Tyndale's initials are printed in 2 1/2 inch block letters. Later Tomas Cromwell advisor to king Henry VIII, entrusts Coverdale to revise Matthew's Bible to make the Great Bible.

1539 GREAT BIBLE is placed in every church by order of Thomas Cranmer, archbishop under king Henry VIII. It is read aloud except during services and sermons. This Bible is chained to the church pillars t discourage theft.

ENGLAND'S QUEEN MARY bans Protestant translations of the Wnglish Bible. John Rgers and Thomas Cranmer are burned at the stake. Later some 300 men, women and children are also burned.

THE GENEVA BIBLE Exiles from England free to Geneva, Switzerland, and in 1560 print the Geneva Bible, a complete revision of the Great Bible with the Old Testament translated from Hebrew. The Geneva Bible contains theological notes from Protestant scholars John Calvin, Beza, Knox, and Whittingham. It is the first Bible to use Roman type instead of blackletter. This is the Bible of Shakespeare and the one carried to America by the Pilgrims in 1620. The 1640 edition is the first English Bible to omit the Apocrypha.

BISHOP BIBLE a new translation begins under Queen Elizabeth in 1568. It is translated by several bishops of the Church of England in answer to the Geneva Bible.

RHEIMS-DOUAY BIBLE was translated into English from the Latin Vulgate by Catholic scholar Gregory Martin, while in exile in France (1582-1609). It becomes the standard translation for the Catholic church.

AD 1600

Mr. KING JAMES VERSION OR AUTHORIZED VERSION king James I of England commissions 54 scholars to undertake a new Bible translation. Over the next six years, six teams of scholars using the Bishops Bible and Tyndale's Bible, as well as available Greek and hebrew manuscripts, complete the new version in 1611. King James never gave his royal approval.The edition used today was revised in 1769. It is the most popular Bible for more than 300 years.

AD 1800

OLDER MANUSCRIPTS DISCOVERED BETWEEN 1629 AND 1947, SEVERAL OF THE EARLIEST KNOWN COPIES OF THE BIBLE ARE FOUND.

CODEX ALEXANDRINUS, a copy of the New Testament from AD 400, perhaps the best copy of the book of Revelation, is made avaiilable to western scholars in 1629.

CODEX SINAITICUS (earliest complete copy of the New Testament, copied in AD 350) is found in St. Catherine's Monastery near Mt. Sinai.

THE REVISED VERSION (AD 1885) in 1870, scholars in England decide to revise the King James Version t reflect the findings from the manuscripts discovered the two previous centuries. Their goal is to use better Hebrew and Greek texts and to retranslate words based on new linguistic information about ancient Hebrew.

CODEX VATICANUS (earliest and probably best copy known of the New Testament from AD 325) Is released to scholars in 1889 by the Vatican Library.

AD 1900

THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS, found in a cave in 1947 by a shepherd, contain the oldest known copies of portions of the Old Testament. These copies were made between 100BC and AD 100.

A SCROLL OF ISAIAH that is part of the Dead Sea Scrolls is the oldest complete manuscript of any book of the Bible (copied around 100 BC) The copies of Isaiah discovered in the Qumran caves prove to be remarkably close to the standard Hebrew Bible, varying slightly in the spelling of some names. They give overwhelming confirmation of the reliability of the Masoretic copies,

DURING THE 1900's MORE THAN A HUNDRED NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS ARE FOUND IN EGYPT.

A UGARITIC GRAMMAR is published in the 1960's. Ugaritic is an ancient language similar to Hebrew and helps scholars understand Hebrew vocabulary and poetry.

MODERN TRANSLATIONS the knowledge form newly discovered manuscripts has led to hundreds of new translation.

1885 THE ENGLISH REVISED VERSION A British revision of the King James Version.

1901 AMERICAN STANDARD VERSION(ASV) Revision of the King James Version in American English.

1926 MOFFATT BIBLE a very popular modern language version.

1931 SMITH-GOODSPEED, AN AMERICAN TRANSLATION Modern American English.

1952 THE REVISED STANDARD VERSION (RSV) A version of the A.S.V. New Testament revised 1971

1958 J.B. PHILLIPS' NEW TESTAMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH A paraphrase, originally made for youth.

1965 THE AMPLIFIED BIBLE Uses word for word ASV with added words to communicate insights on original texts.

1966 JERUSALEM BIBLE Translation by Catholic scholars in Jerusalem, The New Jerusalem Bible, 1985.

1970 NEW ENGLISH BIBLE Timeless modern English. Revised in 1989.

        NEW AMERICAN BIBLE (NAB) Official version of the Catholic Church. Revised New                Testament in 1986.

1971 NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE Literal word for word translation. Updated in 1995.

       THE LIVING BIBLE Popular paraphrase.

1976 THE GOOD NEWS BIBLE (Today's English version) Vernacular English translation.

1978 NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION (NIV) Dignified, readable.

1982 NEW KING JAMES VERSION Modernization of the KJV using the same manuscripts.

1989 JEWISH NEW TESTAMENT English translation using traditional Jewish expressions.

1989 NEW REVISED STANDARD VERSION "Gender neutral"revision of the RSV.

1991 CONTEMPORARY VERSION Natural, uncomplicated English.

1995 GOD'S WORD Contemporary English.

1996 NEW LIVING TRANSLATION A revision of The Living Bible to make it a translation.

1996 NEW INTERNATIONAL READER'S VERSION (NIRV) A simplified version of the NIV with a 3rd or 4th grade reading level.

2001 ENGLISH STANDARD VERSION (ESV) Literal update of the RSV.

TODAY'S NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION (TNIV) Modernization of the NIV.

2002 THE MESSAGE (MSG) A paraphrase from the original languages.

2004 HOLMAN CHRISTIAN STANDARD BIBLE (HCSB) Balance between word for word and thought for thought.