NICK NAME Al-Biruni
ALSO KNOWN AS Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Al Bayrooni, Al Beruni, Alberonius, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Bīrūnī, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Al-Bayrouni, Al-Biruni
FAMOUS AS Scholar, Scientist
NATIONALITY Iranian
RELIGION Islam
BORN ON 05 September 973 AD
BIRTHDAY 5th September Famous 5th September Birthdays
DIED AT AGE 75
BORN IN Khwarezm
DIED ON 13 December 1048 AD
PLACE OF DEATH Ghazni
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni was one of the finest scholars the world has ever produced. He has made immense contribution to the world of science, geography, astronomy, physics and many other fields. His works, along with those of other great scientists, have established the grounds of modern science. Even though he lived in the medieval times, his speculations and observations hold good till date. He formulated many mathematical solutions to unsolved problems and even determined the latitudes and longitudes of many regions through his keen observation. He devised a few instruments to help determine certain values such as the radius of earth and the specific gravity of metals. He also had vast knowledge about the culture, customs, literature and religions of different places around the world, since he traveled to various regions along with his patrons. This helped him to write volumes about the places he visited, especially India. These books can be regarded as encyclopedias about the places, and these are a manifestation of his observant quality, as these books contain minute descriptions of the topics he has dealt with. He was, however, against horary astronomy and considered it to be a kind of conjuring. This scholar was one who thought much ahead of his time and as such is one of the few scholars who have been revived by the Soviet science historians.
Childhood & Early Life
Al-Biruni was born in the year 973, in the Khwarezm region of Khorasan, which is in present day Uzbekistan. Otherwise, much is not known about his childhood and family.
The region was ruled by the Khwarezm-Shah Dynasty at that time and one of its princes named Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Iraq, taught Abu Rayhan al-Biruni.
One of the Khwarezm-Shahs was murdered by his servant, which resulted in a civil war. This made Al-Biruni lose sponsorship from the Khwarezm-Shahs and he then went to the Samanid Dynasty and found shelter in Bukhara, the capital of Samanid.
Possibly, the Samanids also helped the overthrown prince Qabus ibn Voshmgir, and this helped al-Biruni get acquainted with this prince. In Voshmgir’s court, al-Biruni encountered Ibn Sina, thinker and researcher from Iran.
He had amassed knowledge on varied topics such as history, geography, mathematics, philosophy, grammar, astronomy, science and Islamic law. He even learnt Greek, Syrian and possibly Sanskrit too, apart from Arabic and Persian.
Career
During his teenage, Al-Biruni had gained much knowledge on science and by the end of the tenth century he had calculated the latitude of the city of Kath.
He had written many works during the tenth century but most of them have gone missing. However, the one which is surviving till date is his speculation on map projections called ‘Cartography’. The work also contained theories of map projections by other scholars from which he had gained knowledge.
In the later part of the tenth century, political turbulence began in the Islamic regions, and his patron the Samanids were overthrown by the Mahmud of Ghazna. Al-Biruni was then taken in the court of Mahmud, including many other scholars, and was appointed the court soothsayer. He then, travelled to India along with Mahmud during its attack.
It is also believed that Abu Rayhan gained some knowledge of Sanskrit during that time and also penned his work named ‘Kitab al-Hind’.
His contribution towards science includes his findings of seven different ways to determine the north and south direction. He also found out a mathematical system to pinpoint the beginning of seasons.
In his work ‘Al-Qanun al-Mas udi’ (The Mas udic Canon), he put together all the scientific knowledge he had gained from his readings and observations, including Egyptian astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy’s works.
In this book he even innovate algebraic systems to solve third-degree equations. He dedicated this book to Mas ud, the son of the Mahmud of Ghazna.
Al-Biruni penned his work named ‘Kitab Al-Tafhim li-awa il sina at al-tanjim’ (Elements of Astrology) is till date the most wide-ranging dealing of the subject. Biruni thought astrology to be a significant instrument for imparting mathematical and astronomical knowledge and his more than half of his book comprised of teaching astronomy, mathematics, geography and chronology.
He wrote ‘Tahdid nihayat al-amakin li tashih masafat al-masakin’ (Determination of the Coordinates of Places for the Correction of Distance Between Cities), which became a well acclaimed work related to mathematical geography. This book advocates mathematical sciences as well as discusses the ways in which longitudes and latitudes are determined.
In the same book, he also found out the direction of Mecca in relation to the local horizon of Ghazna, which had been a religious requirement, more than a mathematical one.
His other works include ‘Al-jamahir fi ma rifat al-jawahir’ (Gems), ‘Ifrad al-maqal fi amr al-zilal’ (The Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows), ‘Kitab al-saydanah’ (Pharmacology) and ‘Maqalid ilm al-hay ah’ (Keys to Astronomy). These works are less in volume but do not lack content. They encompass particular subjects each of which have been discussed in detail.
He contributed to the field of geography by formulating a method of finding out the earth’s radius with the help of the height of mountains. He conducted this experiment at a place which is presently in Pakistan.
He also invented a gadget with which he could find out almost the exact specific gravity of a few minerals and metals.
Major Works
One of his encyclopaedic works is the ‘Tahqiq ma li-l-hind min maqulah maqbulah fi al-aql aw mardhulah’ (Verifying All That the Indians Recount, the Reasonable and the Unreasonable). As the title suggests, it encompasses all the knowledge that al-Biruni had gained about India as a whole like its culture, literature, customs, rituals, religion and science.
Another encyclopaedic work of his which needs to be mentioned is ‘Al-Athar al-baqiyyah an al-qurun al-khaliyyah’ (The Chronology of Ancient Nations). He dedicated this book to Prince Qabus. This book includes details about different cultures around the world.
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